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AZ-SIA31C18-10
Single Regulator SIA-31-C18 10mg
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Single Regulator SIA-31-C18 10mg
HPLC Certified
CAS #
910463-68-2
M.W.
4113.58
Formula
C187H291N45O59
- PURITY
- ≥99%
RUO
- (Research Use Only)
Specs:
- Amount: 10mg | Format: Lyophilized Powder | Container: 3mL Vial | Storage: 2-8°C | Type: Single Peptide / Regulator Compound | Research Category: Peptide Receptor Pathway Research
What Is Single Regulator SIA-31-C18?
Single Regulator SIA-31-C18 is a synthetic 31-amino-acid analog of human glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), engineered for extended plasma residence in preclinical species. The molecule carries two amino acid substitutions relative to native GLP-1 (Aib at position 8, Arg at position 34) and is acylated at lysine 26 with a C18 diacid chain connected through a gamma-glutamate spacer and two AEEA linkers. The Aib8 substitution blocks cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase-4, while the fatty diacid chain drives reversible albumin binding. Together these modifications produced a half-life in rodent and porcine pharmacokinetic studies far longer than that of native GLP-1, which circulates for roughly two minutes before degradation.
Single Regulator SIA-31-C18 has become one of the most heavily studied GLP-1 receptor agonists in preclinical literature, appearing across metabolic research, neurodegeneration models, atherosclerosis models, hepatic histology models, and species-comparative endocrine toxicology. AZOTH supplies Single Regulator synthesized to strict purity specifications, intended exclusively for licensed researchers and laboratory professionals.
How Does Single Regulator Work? Several Mechanisms Explored
Single Regulator acts through a single well-characterized receptor target, but the downstream effects documented in animal models span several organ systems.
GLP-1 Receptor Binding and cAMP Signaling
Single Regulator binds the GLP-1 receptor, a class B G protein-coupled receptor, with reported affinity in the sub-nanomolar range and in vitro potency in the low picomolar range in BHK cell reporter assays expressing the human receptor. Receptor occupancy drives adenylate cyclase activation and cAMP accumulation, the upstream event for the downstream signaling studied in pancreatic islet, neuronal, and vascular preparations.
Albumin Binding and Protraction
The C18 diacid moiety and its linker chemistry were the design features responsible for extended exposure. Reversible albumin binding limits renal clearance and shields the peptide from enzymatic degradation while still permitting receptor engagement. Structural work has resolved the single regulator backbone in complex with the GLP-1 receptor extracellular domain.
Central Nervous System Access in Rodent Models
Imaging and c-Fos mapping studies in rodents reported that single regulator accessed the brainstem, septal nucleus, and hypothalamus through circumventricular organs and periventricular sites rather than by crossing the blood-brain barrier. Activation was recorded in ten brain regions, including hindbrain areas with direct compound access and secondary areas without it. Transcriptomic analysis of microdissected tissue from treated rats showed upregulation of prolactin-releasing hormone and tyrosine hydroxylase in the area postrema.
Inflammatory Pathway Modulation in Animal Models
In ApoE-knockout and LDLr-knockout mice, transcriptomic analysis of aortic tissue showed downregulation of multiple inflammatory pathways after single regulator exposure, including genes associated with leukocyte recruitment, adhesion, cholesterol metabolism, and extracellular matrix turnover. Plasma markers of systemic inflammation were also lowered in a lipopolysaccharide challenge model.
Buy Single Regulator for These Research Applications
Metabolic and Energy Balance Research
Rodent studies remain the primary model system for GLP-1 receptor agonist research in metabolic categories. In a three-week study in diet-induced obese mice, single regulator produced dose-dependent reductions in body weight and food intake without a measured drop in energy expenditure, with changes in fat mass and only minor effects on lean mass. Researchers use these models to examine food preference behavior, hypothalamic and hindbrain circuit activity, and the neural pathways engaged by peripherally administered long-acting GLP-1 analogs.
Neurological and Neurodegeneration Models
GLP-1 receptor agonists have been examined across rodent models of neurodegeneration. In the chronic MPTP mouse model, single regulator exposure at 25 nmol/kg was reported to reverse the MPTP-induced decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase levels, lower alpha-synuclein accumulation in the substantia nigra, reduce lipid peroxidation, and raise GDNF expression in the substantia nigra and striatum. The same study recorded effects on mitophagy signaling markers and on inflammatory response in brain tissue. These are preclinical observations in an induced-lesion animal model and have not been established in any other context.
Cardiovascular and Atherosclerosis Models
In ApoE-knockout and LDLr-knockout mice on a Western diet, single regulator exposure attenuated plaque lesion development, with the effect reported in part independently of changes in body weight and cholesterol. Carotid intima thickening was also reduced in treated animals. Weight-matched comparator groups were used to separate weight-dependent from weight-independent contributions. These models are used to study the relationship between GLP-1 receptor signaling and vascular inflammation.
Hepatic Histology Models
Diet-induced obese mouse models with biopsy-confirmed hepatic pathology are used to evaluate compound effects on liver histology endpoints. In the GAN diet-induced obese mouse model of NASH-HCC with advanced fibrosis, single regulator administered at 30 nmol/kg subcutaneously was profiled against vehicle and a comparator compound across quantitative liver histology, blood and liver biochemistry, and RNA sequencing endpoints.
Species-Comparative Endocrine Toxicology
GLP-1 receptor agonists are a standard reference class in rodent thyroid C-cell research. Work published in Endocrinology documented that GLP-1 receptor agonists activate rodent thyroid C-cells, causing calcitonin release and C-cell proliferation, while cynomolgus monkeys and human C-cell preparations showed low GLP-1 receptor expression and no comparable calcitonin response. This body of work is frequently cited in studies examining species-specific differences in receptor distribution and in the design of toxicology programs for the compound class.
Research Summary: What the Preclinical Science Shows
Preclinical literature on single regulator spans metabolic research, neuroscience, cardiovascular biology, hepatology, and comparative endocrinology. Below is a summary of documented preclinical research areas.
| Research Area | Model | Observed Findings |
| Molecular design and receptor binding | In vitro receptor assays, rat and pig pharmacokinetics | Sub-nanomolar GLP-1 receptor affinity, picomolar in vitro potency, extended plasma exposure attributed to albumin binding |
| Energy balance and food intake | Diet-induced obese mice, treated rats | Dose-dependent reduction in body weight and food intake, altered food preference, no measured decrease in energy expenditure |
| Central nervous system distribution | Rodent brain imaging and c-Fos mapping | Access via circumventricular organs without blood-brain barrier crossing, activation across ten brain regions |
| Atherosclerosis | ApoE-/- and LDLr-/- mice | Attenuated plaque lesion development and reduced carotid intima thickening, in part independent of weight and cholesterol change |
| Systemic inflammation | LPS challenge model, aortic transcriptomics | Lowered plasma inflammatory markers, downregulation of multiple inflammatory pathways in aortic tissue |
| Neurodegeneration | Chronic MPTP mouse model | Reversal of tyrosine hydroxylase decrease, reduced alpha-synuclein accumulation, increased GDNF expression in substantia nigra and striatum |
| Thyroid C-cell biology | Rodent, cynomolgus monkey, human C-cell preparations | Calcitonin release and C-cell proliferation in rodents, low receptor expression and absent response in primate preparations |
| Hepatic histology | GAN diet-induced obese mouse model with biopsy-confirmed disease | Compound profiled across quantitative liver histology, biochemistry, and RNA sequencing endpoints |
Single regulator differs from most compounds in the AZOTH research catalog in one respect worth stating plainly. It is the active pharmaceutical ingredient in approved prescription drug products and has been evaluated in large-scale human clinical trials, which are documented in the published literature and in FDA labeling for those products. The material supplied by AZOTH is not one of those products, is not a drug product, and is not supplied for human use in any form. Researchers reviewing the human clinical record should consult it through the approved product labeling and the primary trial publications rather than through this page.
Why Researchers Choose AZOTH for Single Regulator
Product consistency and documentation are what matter in laboratory work. AZOTH supplies single regulator manufactured to strict purity specifications, with third-party certificate of analysis documentation for each batch.
- Verified 99%+ purity via HPLC testing
- Identity confirmation by mass spectrometry
- USA-manufactured under strict quality protocols
- Third-party tested for identity, purity, and stability
- Lyophilized powder format for shelf stability
- Certificate of Analysis available for every batch
Product Specifications
| Specification | Value |
| CAS Number | 910463-68-2 (free base) |
| Molecular Formula | C187H291N45O59 |
| Molecular Weight | 4113.6 g/mol |
| Sequence Length | 31 amino acids |
| Appearance | White to off-white lyophilized powder |
| Purity | 99%+ (HPLC), lot-specific COA |
| Vial Size | 10mg |
Storage and Handling
Single regulator is supplied in lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder form. Store sealed at -20°C, away from moisture and direct light. Short-term storage at 2-8°C is acceptable for handling and transfer. After reconstitution with bacteriostatic water, keep refrigerated at 2-8°C and use in accordance with your laboratory research protocol. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Refer to the lot-specific Certificate of Analysis for stability data applicable to your batch.
Legal Disclaimer
Single regulator sold by AZOTH is intended for laboratory and in vitro research use only. It is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for human consumption, medical use, diagnostic procedures, or veterinary use. This material is not a drug product, is not manufactured as a drug product, and is not an approved, generic, compounded, or substitute version of any prescription medicine containing single regulator. It has not been evaluated by the FDA and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease or medical condition. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly prohibited by law. All purchasers must be licensed researchers or qualified laboratory professionals. By purchasing this product, you acknowledge that you are aware of the applicable regulations in your jurisdiction and that you will use this compound exclusively within a qualified research environment.
| Research Findings | Journal | Data | Source Link |
| 1. Lau J, et al. “Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide.” | J. Med. Chem. | 2015; 58(18): 7370-7380. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26308095/ |
| 2. Knudsen LB, Lau J. “The Discovery and Development of Liraglutide and Semaglutide.” | Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne) | 2019; 10:155. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31031702/ |
| 3. Gabery S, et al. “Semaglutide lowers body weight in rodents via distributed neural pathways.” | JCI Insight | 2020; 5(6): e133429. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32213703/ |
| 4. Rakipovski G, et al. “The GLP-1 Analogs Liraglutide and Semaglutide Reduce Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- and LDLr-/- Mice by a Mechanism That Includes Inflammatory Pathways.” | JACC Basic Transl. Sci. | 2018; 3(6): 844-857. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30623143/ |
| 5. Zhang L, et al. “Semaglutide is Neuroprotective and Reduces alpha-Synuclein Levels in the Chronic MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease.” | J. Parkinsons Dis. | 2019; 9(1): 157-171. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30741689/ |
| 6. Bjerre Knudsen L, et al. “Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Activate Rodent Thyroid C-Cells Causing Calcitonin Release and C-Cell Proliferation.” | Endocrinology | 2010; 151(4): 1473-1486. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20203154/ |
| 7. Hansen HH, et al. “Semaglutide reduces tumor burden in the GAN diet-induced obese and biopsy-confirmed mouse model of NASH-HCC with advanced fibrosis.” | Sci. Rep. | 2023; 13:22935. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10754821/ |
Featured Research Compounds
Research use only
All AZOTH products are intended solely for laboratory research, analytical, and scientific use. Products are not for human consumption, human use, veterinary use, diagnostic use, therapeutic use, or administration of any kind.